Testing Rails Applications — Ruby on Rails Guides (2024)

1 Why Write Tests for Your Rails Applications?

Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.

By running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.

Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.

2 Introduction to Testing

Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany.

2.1 Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go

Rails creates a test directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using rails new application_name. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see:

$ ls -F testapplication_system_test_case.rb controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ system/channels/ fixtures/ integration/ models/ test_helper.rb

The helpers, mailers, and models directories are meant to hold tests for view helpers, mailers, and models, respectively. The channels directory is meant to hold tests for Action Cable connection and channels. The controllers directory is meant to hold tests for controllers, routes, and views. The integration directory is meant to hold tests for interactions between controllers.

The system test directory holds system tests, which are used for full browsertesting of your application. System tests allow you to test your applicationthe way your users experience it and help you test your JavaScript as well.System tests inherit from Capybara and perform in browser tests for yourapplication.

Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the fixtures directory.

A jobs directory will also be created when an associated test is first generated.

The test_helper.rb file holds the default configuration for your tests.

The application_system_test_case.rb holds the default configuration for your systemtests.

2.2 The Test Environment

By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production.

Each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in config/environments/test.rb.

Your tests are run under RAILS_ENV=test.

2.3 Rails Meets Minitest

If you remember, we used the bin/rails generate model command in theGetting Started with Rails guide. We created our firstmodel, and among other things it created test stubs in the test directory:

$ bin/rails generate model article title:string body:text...create app/models/article.rbcreate test/models/article_test.rbcreate test/fixtures/articles.yml...

The default test stub in test/models/article_test.rb looks like this:

require "test_helper"class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # test "the truth" do # assert true # endend

A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.

require "test_helper"

By requiring this file, test_helper.rb, the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all our tests.

class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # ...end

The ArticleTest class defines a test case because it inherits from ActiveSupport::TestCase. ArticleTest thus has all the methods available from ActiveSupport::TestCase. Later in this guide, we'll see some of the methods it gives us.

Any method defined within a class inherited from Minitest::Test(which is the superclass of ActiveSupport::TestCase) that begins with test_ is simply called a test. So, methods defined as test_password and test_valid_password are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.

Rails also adds a test method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal Minitest::Unit test with method names prefixed with test_. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:

test "the truth" do assert trueend

Which is approximately the same as writing this:

def test_the_truth assert trueend

Although you can still use regular method definitions, using the test macro allows for a more readable test name.

The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though — the name may contain punctuation characters, etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of define_method and send calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name.

Next, let's look at our first assertion:

assert true

An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:

• does this value = that value?
• is this object nil?
• does this line of code throw an exception?
• is the user's password greater than 5 characters?

Every test may contain one or more assertions, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.

2.3.1 Your First Failing Test

To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the article_test.rb test case.

test "should not save article without title" do article = Article.new assert_not article.saveend

Let us run this newly added test (where 6 is the line number where the test is defined).

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6Run options: --seed 44656# Running:FFailure:ArticleTest#test_should_not_save_article_without_title [/path/to/blog/test/models/article_test.rb:6]:Expected true to be nil or falsebin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6Finished in 0.023918s, 41.8090 runs/s, 41.8090 assertions/s.1 runs, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

In the output, F denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under Failure along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message that mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:

test "should not save article without title" do article = Article.new assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"end

Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:

Failure:ArticleTest#test_should_not_save_article_without_title [/path/to/blog/test/models/article_test.rb:6]:Saved the article without a title

Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the title field.

class Article < ApplicationRecord validates :title, presence: trueend

Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6Run options: --seed 31252# Running:.Finished in 0.027476s, 36.3952 runs/s, 36.3952 assertions/s.1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desiredfunctionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finallywe ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development isreferred to asTest-Driven Development (TDD).

2.3.2 What an Error Looks Like

To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:

test "should report error" do # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case some_undefined_variable assert trueend

Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rbRun options: --seed 1808# Running:.EError:ArticleTest#test_should_report_error:NameError: undefined local variable or method 'some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fee3aa71798> test/models/article_test.rb:11:in 'block in <class:ArticleTest>'bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:9Finished in 0.040609s, 49.2500 runs/s, 24.6250 assertions/s.2 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips

Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.

The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or anassertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the nextmethod. All test methods are executed in random order. Theconfig.active_support.test_order option can be used to configure test order.

When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By defaultRails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to yourapplication. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on yourcode. However there are situations when you want to see the fullbacktrace. Set the -b (or --backtrace) argument to enable this behavior:

$ bin/rails test -b test/models/article_test.rb

If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use assert_raises like so:

test "should report error" do # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case assert_raises(NameError) do some_undefined_variable endend

This test should now pass.

2.4 Available Assertions

By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.

Here's an extract of the assertions you can use withMinitest, the default testing libraryused by Rails. The [msg] parameter is an optional string message you canspecify to make your test failure messages clearer.

The above are a subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive &more up-to-date list, please checkMinitest API documentation, specificallyMinitest::Assertions.

Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.

Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.

2.5 Rails Specific Assertions

Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the minitest framework:

You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.

2.6 A Brief Note About Test Cases

All the basic assertions such as assert_equal defined in Minitest::Assertions are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from:

• ActiveSupport::TestCase
• ActionMailer::TestCase
• ActionView::TestCase
• ActiveJob::TestCase
• ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
• ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
• Rails::Generators::TestCase

Each of these classes include Minitest::Assertions, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.

2.7 Transactions

By default, Rails automatically wraps tests in a database transaction that isrolled back after they finish. This makes tests independent of each other andchanges to the database are only visible within a single test.

class MyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase test "newly created users are active by default" do # Since the test is implicitly wrapped in a database transaction, the user # created here won't be seen by other tests. assert User.create.active? endend

The method ActiveRecord::Base.current_transaction still acts as intended,though:

class MyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase test "current_transaction" do # The implicit transaction around tests does not interfere with the # application-level semantics of current_transaction. assert User.current_transaction.blank? endend

If there are multiple writing databasesin place, tests are wrapped in as many respective transactions, and all of themare rolled back.

2.7.1 Opting-out of Test Transactions

Individual test cases can opt-out:

class MyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # No implicit database transaction wraps the tests in this test case. self.use_transactional_tests = falseend

2.8 The Rails Test Runner

We can run all of our tests at once by using the bin/rails test command.

Or we can run a single test file by passing the bin/rails test command the filename containing the test cases.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rbRun options: --seed 1559# Running:..Finished in 0.027034s, 73.9810 runs/s, 110.9715 assertions/s.2 runs, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

This will run all test methods from the test case.

You can also run a particular test method from the test case by providing the-n or --name flag and the test's method name.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb -n test_the_truthRun options: -n test_the_truth --seed 43583# Running:.Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

You can also run a test at a specific line by providing the line number.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6 # run specific test and line

You can also run a range of tests by providing the line range.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6-20 # runs tests from line 6 to 20

You can also run an entire directory of tests by providing the path to the directory.

$ bin/rails test test/controllers # run all tests from specific directory

The test runner also provides a lot of other features like failing fast, deferring test outputat the end of the test run and so on. Check the documentation of the test runner as follows:

$ bin/rails test -hUsage: bin/rails test [PATHS...]Run tests except system testsExamples: You can run a single test by appending a line number to a filename: bin/rails test test/models/user_test.rb:27 You can run multiple tests with in a line range by appending the line range to a filename: bin/rails test test/models/user_test.rb:10-20 You can run multiple files and directories at the same time: bin/rails test test/controllers test/integration/login_test.rb By default test failures and errors are reported inline during a run.minitest options: -h, --help Display this help. --no-plugins Bypass minitest plugin auto-loading (or set $MT_NO_PLUGINS). -s, --seed SEED Sets random seed. Also via env. Eg: SEED=n rake -v, --verbose Verbose. Show progress processing files. -q, --quiet Quiet. Show no progress processing files. --show-skips Show skipped at the end of run. -n, --name PATTERN Filter run on /regexp/ or string. --exclude PATTERN Exclude /regexp/ or string from run. -S, --skip CODES Skip reporting of certain types of results (eg E).Known extensions: rails, pride -w, --warnings Run with Ruby warnings enabled -e, --environment ENV Run tests in the ENV environment -b, --backtrace Show the complete backtrace -d, --defer-output Output test failures and errors after the test run -f, --fail-fast Abort test run on first failure or error -c, --[no-]color Enable color in the output --profile [COUNT] Enable profiling of tests and list the slowest test cases (default: 10) -p, --pride Pride. Show your testing pride!

2.9 Running tests in Continuous Integration (CI)

To run all tests in a CI environment, there's just one command you need:

$ bin/rails test

If you are using System Tests, bin/rails test will not run them, sincethey can be slow. To also run them, add an another CI step that runs bin/rails test:system,or change your first step to bin/rails test:all, which runs all tests including system tests.

3 Parallel Testing

Parallel testing allows you to parallelize your test suite. While forking processes is thedefault method, threading is supported as well. Running tests in parallel reduces the time ittakes your entire test suite to run.

3.1 Parallel Testing with Processes

The default parallelization method is to fork processes using Ruby's DRb system. The processesare forked based on the number of workers provided. The default number is the actual core counton the machine you are on, but can be changed by the number passed to the parallelize method.

To enable parallelization add the following to your test_helper.rb:

class ActiveSupport::TestCase parallelize(workers: 2)end

The number of workers passed is the number of times the process will be forked. You may want toparallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is providedto be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use:

$ PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 bin/rails test

When parallelizing tests, Active Record automatically handles creating a database and loading the schema into the database for eachprocess. The databases will be suffixed with the number corresponding to the worker. For example, if youhave 2 workers the tests will create test-database-0 and test-database-1 respectively.

If the number of workers passed is 1 or fewer the processes will not be forked and the tests will notbe parallelized and they will use the original test-database database.

Two hooks are provided, one runs when the process is forked, and one runs before the forked process is closed.These can be useful if your app uses multiple databases or performs other tasks that depend on the number ofworkers.

The parallelize_setup method is called right after the processes are forked. The parallelize_teardown methodis called right before the processes are closed.

class ActiveSupport::TestCase parallelize_setup do |worker| # setup databases end parallelize_teardown do |worker| # cleanup databases end parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors)end

These methods are not needed or available when using parallel testing with threads.

3.2 Parallel Testing with Threads

If you prefer using threads or are using JRuby, a threaded parallelization option is provided. The threadedparallelizer is backed by Minitest's Parallel::Executor.

To change the parallelization method to use threads over forks put the following in your test_helper.rb:

class ActiveSupport::TestCase parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors, with: :threads)end

Rails applications generated from JRuby or TruffleRuby will automatically include the with: :threads option.

The number of workers passed to parallelize determines the number of threads the tests will use. You maywant to parallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is providedto be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use:

$ PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 bin/rails test

3.3 Testing Parallel Transactions

When you want to test code that runs parallel database transactions in threads,those can block each other because they are already nested under the implicittest transaction.

To workaround this, you can disable transactions in a test case class by settingself.use_transactional_tests = false:

class WorkerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase self.use_transactional_tests = false test "parallel transactions" do # start some threads that create transactions endend

With disabled transactional tests, you have to clean up any data testscreate as changes are not automatically rolled back after the test completes.

3.4 Threshold to parallelize tests

Running tests in parallel adds an overhead in terms of database setup andfixture loading. Because of this, Rails won't parallelize executions that involvefewer than 50 tests.

You can configure this threshold in your test.rb:

config.active_support.test_parallelization_threshold = 100

And also when setting up parallelization at the test case level:

class ActiveSupport::TestCase parallelize threshold: 100end

4 The Test Database

Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.

By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in config/database.yml.

A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases.

4.1 Maintaining the Test Database Schema

In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the currentstructure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pendingmigrations. It will try to load your db/schema.rb or db/structure.sqlinto the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will beraised. Usually this indicates that your schema is not fully migrated. Runningthe migrations against the development database (bin/rails db:migrate) willbring the schema up to date.

If there were modifications to existing migrations, the test database needs tobe rebuilt. This can be done by executing bin/rails db:test:prepare.

4.2 The Low-Down on Fixtures

For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.You can find comprehensive documentation in the Fixtures API documentation.

4.2.1 What are Fixtures?

Fixtures is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model.

Fixtures are not designed to create every object that your tests need, and are best managed when only used for default data that can be applied to the common case.

You'll find fixtures under your test/fixtures directory. When you run bin/rails generate model to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory.

4.2.2 YAML

YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the .yml file extension (as in users.yml).

Here's a sample YAML fixture file:

# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!david: name: David Heinemeier Hansson birthday: 1979-10-15 profession: Systems developmentsteve: name: Steve Ross Kellock birthday: 1974-09-27 profession: guy with keyboard

Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank line. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.

If you are working with associations, you candefine a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example witha belongs_to/has_many association:

# test/fixtures/categories.ymlabout: name: About

# test/fixtures/articles.ymlfirst: title: Welcome to Rails! category: about

# test/fixtures/action_text/rich_texts.ymlfirst_content: record: first (Article) name: content body: <div>Hello, from <strong>a fixture</strong></div>

Notice the category key of the first Article found in fixtures/articles.yml has a value of about, and that the record key of the first_content entry found in fixtures/action_text/rich_texts.yml has a value of first (Article). This hints to Active Record to load the Category about found in fixtures/categories.yml for the former, and Action Text to load the Article first found in fixtures/articles.yml for the latter.

For associations to reference one another by name, you can use the fixture name instead of specifying the id: attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the Fixtures API documentation.

4.2.3 File Attachment Fixtures

Like other Active Record-backed models, Active Storage attachment recordsinherit from ActiveRecord::Base instances and can therefore be populated byfixtures.

Consider an Article model that has an associated image as a thumbnailattachment, along with fixture data YAML:

class Article < ApplicationRecord has_one_attached :thumbnailend

# test/fixtures/articles.ymlfirst: title: An Article

Assuming that there is an image/png encoded file attest/fixtures/files/first.png, the following YAML fixture entries willgenerate the related ActiveStorage::Blob and ActiveStorage::Attachmentrecords:

# test/fixtures/active_storage/blobs.ymlfirst_thumbnail_blob: <%= ActiveStorage::FixtureSet.blob filename: "first.png" %>

# test/fixtures/active_storage/attachments.ymlfirst_thumbnail_attachment: name: thumbnail record: first (Article) blob: first_thumbnail_blob

4.2.4 ERB'in It Up

ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:

<% 1000.times do |n| %> user_<%= n %>: username: <%= "user#{n}" %> email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %><% end %>

4.2.5 Fixtures in Action

Rails automatically loads all fixtures from the test/fixtures directory bydefault. Loading involves three steps:

1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
2. Load the fixture data into the table
3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly

In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions here).

4.2.6 Fixtures are Active Record Objects

Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example:

# this will return the User object for the fixture named davidusers(:david)# this will return the property for david called idusers(:david).id# one can also access methods available on the User classdavid = users(:david)david.call(david.partner)

To get multiple fixtures at once, you can pass in a list of fixture names. For example:

# this will return an array containing the fixtures david and steveusers(:david, :steve)

5 Model Testing

Model tests are used to test the various models of your application.

Rails model tests are stored under the test/models directory. Rails providesa generator to create a model test skeleton for you.

$ bin/rails generate test_unit:model article title:string body:textcreate test/models/article_test.rbcreate test/fixtures/articles.yml

Model tests don't have their own superclass like ActionMailer::TestCase. Instead, they inherit from ActiveSupport::TestCase.

6 System Testing

System tests allow you to test user interactions with your application, running testsin either a real or a headless browser. System tests use Capybara under the hood.

For creating Rails system tests, you use the test/system directory in yourapplication. Rails provides a generator to create a system test skeleton for you.

$ bin/rails generate system_test users invoke test_unit create test/system/users_test.rb

Here's what a freshly generated system test looks like:

require "application_system_test_case"class UsersTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase # test "visiting the index" do # visit users_url # # assert_selector "h1", text: "Users" # endend

By default, system tests are run with the Selenium driver, using the Chromebrowser, and a screen size of 1400x1400. The next section explains how tochange the default settings.

By default, Rails will attempt to rescue from exceptions raised during tests and respond with HTML error pages. This behavior can be controlled by the config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions configuration.

6.1 Changing the Default Settings

Rails makes changing the default settings for system tests very simple. Allthe setup is abstracted away so you can focus on writing your tests.

When you generate a new application or scaffold, an application_system_test_case.rb fileis created in the test directory. This is where all the configuration for yoursystem tests should live.

If you want to change the default settings you can change what the systemtests are "driven by". Say you want to change the driver from Selenium toCuprite. First add the cuprite gem to your Gemfile. Then in yourapplication_system_test_case.rb file do the following:

require "test_helper"require "capybara/cuprite"class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase driven_by :cupriteend

The driver name is a required argument for driven_by. The optional argumentsthat can be passed to driven_by are :using for the browser (this will onlybe used by Selenium), :screen_size to change the size of the screen forscreenshots, and :options which can be used to set options supported by thedriver.

require "test_helper"class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase driven_by :selenium, using: :firefoxend

If you want to use a headless browser, you could use Headless Chrome or Headless Firefox by addingheadless_chrome or headless_firefox in the :using argument.

require "test_helper"class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chromeend

If you want to use a remote browser, e.g.Headless Chrome in Docker,you have to add remote url and set browser as remote through options.

require "test_helper"class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase url = ENV.fetch("SELENIUM_REMOTE_URL", nil) options = if url { browser: :remote, url: url } else { browser: :chrome } end driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome, options: optionsend

Now you should get a connection to remote browser.

$ SELENIUM_REMOTE_URL=http://localhost:4444/wd/hub bin/rails test:system

If your application in test is running remote too, e.g. Docker container,Capybara needs more input about how tocall remote servers.

require "test_helper"class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase def setup Capybara.server_host = "0.0.0.0" # bind to all interfaces Capybara.app_host = "http://#{IPSocket.getaddress(Socket.gethostname)}" if ENV["SELENIUM_REMOTE_URL"].present? super end # ...end

Now you should get a connection to remote browser and server, regardless if itis running in Docker container or CI.

If your Capybara configuration requires more setup than provided by Rails, thisadditional configuration could be added into the application_system_test_case.rbfile.

Please see Capybara's documentationfor additional settings.

6.2 Screenshot Helper

The ScreenshotHelper is a helper designed to capture screenshots of your tests.This can be helpful for viewing the browser at the point a test failed, orto view screenshots later for debugging.

Two methods are provided: take_screenshot and take_failed_screenshot.take_failed_screenshot is automatically included in before_teardown insideRails.

The take_screenshot helper method can be included anywhere in your tests totake a screenshot of the browser.

6.3 Implementing a System Test

Now we're going to add a system test to our blog application. We'll demonstratewriting a system test by visiting the index page and creating a new blog article.

If you used the scaffold generator, a system test skeleton was automaticallycreated for you. If you didn't use the scaffold generator, start by creating asystem test skeleton.

$ bin/rails generate system_test articles

It should have created a test file placeholder for us. With the output of theprevious command you should see:

 invoke test_unit create test/system/articles_test.rb

Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:

require "application_system_test_case"class ArticlesTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase test "viewing the index" do visit articles_path assert_selector "h1", text: "Articles" endend

The test should see that there is an h1 on the articles index page and pass.

Run the system tests.

$ bin/rails test:system

By default, running bin/rails test won't run your system tests.Make sure to run bin/rails test:system to actually run them.You can also run bin/rails test:all to run all tests, including system tests.

6.3.1 Creating Articles System Test

Now let's test the flow for creating a new article in our blog.

test "should create Article" do visit articles_path click_on "New Article" fill_in "Title", with: "Creating an Article" fill_in "Body", with: "Created this article successfully!" click_on "Create Article" assert_text "Creating an Article"end

The first step is to call visit articles_path. This will take the test to thearticles index page.

Then the click_on "New Article" will find the "New Article" button on theindex page. This will redirect the browser to /articles/new.

Then the test will fill in the title and body of the article with the specifiedtext. Once the fields are filled in, "Create Article" is clicked on which willsend a POST request to create the new article in the database.

We will be redirected back to the articles index page and there we assertthat the text from the new article's title is on the articles index page.

6.3.2 Testing for Multiple Screen Sizes

If you want to test for mobile sizes on top of testing for desktop,you can create another class that inherits from ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase and use it in yourtest suite. In this example a file called mobile_system_test_case.rb is createdin the /test directory with the following configuration.

require "test_helper"class MobileSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase driven_by :selenium, using: :chrome, screen_size: [375, 667]end

To use this configuration, create a test inside test/system that inherits from MobileSystemTestCase.Now you can test your app using multiple different configurations.

require "mobile_system_test_case"class PostsTest < MobileSystemTestCase test "visiting the index" do visit posts_url assert_selector "h1", text: "Posts" endend

6.3.3 Taking It Further

The beauty of system testing is that it is similar to integration testing inthat it tests the user's interaction with your controller, model, and view, butsystem testing is much more robust and actually tests your application as ifa real user were using it. Going forward, you can test anything that the userthemselves would do in your application such as commenting, deleting articles,publishing draft articles, etc.

7 Integration Testing

Integration tests are used to test how various parts of our application interact. They are generally used to test important workflows within our application.

For creating Rails integration tests, we use the test/integration directory for our application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for us.

$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows exists test/integration/ create test/integration/user_flows_test.rb

Here's what a freshly generated integration test looks like:

require "test_helper"class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest # test "the truth" do # assert true # endend

Here the test is inheriting from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest. This makes some additional helpers available for us to use in our integration tests.

By default, Rails will attempt to rescue from exceptions raised during tests and respond with HTML error pages. This behavior can be controlled by the config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions configuration.

7.1 Helpers Available for Integration Tests

In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's get briefly introduced to the three categories of helpers we get to choose from.

For dealing with the integration test runner, see ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner.

When performing requests, we will have ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers available for our use.

If we need to upload files, take a look at ActionDispatch::TestProcess::FixtureFile to help.

If we need to modify the session, or state of our integration test, take a look at ActionDispatch::Integration::Session to help.

7.2 Implementing an Integration Test

Let's add an integration test to our blog application. We'll start with a basic workflow of creating a new blog article, to verify that everything is working properly.

We'll start by generating our integration test skeleton:

$ bin/rails generate integration_test blog_flow

It should have created a test file placeholder for us. With the output of theprevious command we should see:

 invoke test_unit create test/integration/blog_flow_test.rb

Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:

require "test_helper"class BlogFlowTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "can see the welcome page" do get "/" assert_select "h1", "Welcome#index" endend

We will take a look at assert_select to query the resulting HTML of a request in the Testing Views section below. It is used for testing the response of our request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content.

When we visit our root path, we should see welcome/index.html.erb rendered for the view. So this assertion should pass.

7.2.1 Creating Articles Integration

How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the resulting article.

test "can create an article" do get "/articles/new" assert_response :success post "/articles", params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } assert_response :redirect follow_redirect! assert_response :success assert_select "p", "Title:\n can create"end

Let's break this test down so we can understand it.

We start by calling the :new action on our Articles controller. This response should be successful.

After this we make a post request to the :create action of our Articles controller:

post "/articles", params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }assert_response :redirectfollow_redirect!

The two lines following the request are to handle the redirect we setup when creating a new article.

Don't forget to call follow_redirect! if you plan to make subsequent requests after a redirect is made.

Finally we can assert that our response was successful and our new article is readable on the page.

7.2.2 Taking It Further

We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editing comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use cases for our applications.

8 Functional Tests for Your Controllers

In Rails, testing the various actions of a controller is a form of writing functional tests. Remember your controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. When writing functional tests, you are testing how your actions handle the requests and the expected result or response, in some cases an HTML view.

8.1 What to Include in Your Functional Tests

You should test for things such as:

• was the web request successful?
• was the user redirected to the right page?
• was the user successfully authenticated?
• was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
• was the correct information displayed in the response?

The easiest way to see functional tests in action is to generate a controller using the scaffold generator:

$ bin/rails generate scaffold_controller article title:string body:text...create app/controllers/articles_controller.rb...invoke test_unitcreate test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb...

This will generate the controller code and tests for an Article resource.You can take a look at the file articles_controller_test.rb in the test/controllers directory.

If you already have a controller and just want to generate the test scaffold code foreach of the seven default actions, you can use the following command:

$ bin/rails generate test_unit:scaffold article...invoke test_unitcreate test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb...

Let's take a look at one such test, test_should_get_index from the file articles_controller_test.rb.

# articles_controller_test.rbclass ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "should get index" do get articles_url assert_response :success endend

In the test_should_get_index test, Rails simulates a request on the action called index, making sure the request was successfuland also ensuring that the right response body has been generated.

The get method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the @response. It can accept up to 6 arguments:

• The URI of the controller action you are requesting.This can be in the form of a string or a route helper (e.g. articles_url).
• params: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action(e.g. query string parameters or article variables).
• headers: for setting the headers that will be passed with the request.
• env: for customizing the request environment as needed.
• xhr: whether the request is Ajax request or not. Can be set to true for marking the request as Ajax.
• as: for encoding the request with different content type.

All of these keyword arguments are optional.

Example: Calling the :show action for the first Article, passing in an HTTP_REFERER header:

get article_url(Article.first), headers: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://example.com/home" }

Another example: Calling the :update action for the last Article, passing in new text for the title in params, as an Ajax request:

patch article_url(Article.last), params: { article: { title: "updated" } }, xhr: true

One more example: Calling the :create action to create a new article, passing intext for the title in params, as JSON request:

post articles_path, params: { article: { title: "Ahoy!" } }, as: :json

If you try running test_should_create_article test from articles_controller_test.rb it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.

Let us modify test_should_create_article test in articles_controller_test.rb so that all our test pass:

test "should create article" do assert_difference("Article.count") do post articles_url, params: { article: { body: "Rails is awesome!", title: "Hello Rails" } } end assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)end

Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.

If you followed the steps in the Basic Authentication section, you'll need to add authorization to every request header to get all the tests passing:

post articles_url, params: { article: { body: "Rails is awesome!", title: "Hello Rails" } }, headers: { Authorization: ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials("dhh", "secret") }

By default, Rails will attempt to rescue from exceptions raised during tests and respond with HTML error pages. This behavior can be controlled by the config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions configuration.

8.2 Available Request Types for Functional Tests

If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that get is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:

• get
• post
• patch
• put
• head
• delete

All of request types have equivalent methods that you can use. In a typical C.R.U.D. application you'll be using get, post, put, and delete more often.

Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accepted by the action, we're more concerned with the result. Request tests exist for this use case to make your tests more purposeful.

8.3 Testing XHR (Ajax) Requests

To test Ajax requests, you can specify the xhr: true option to get, post,patch, put, and delete methods. For example:

test "ajax request" do article = articles(:one) get article_url(article), xhr: true assert_equal "hello world", @response.body assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_typeend

8.4 The Three Hashes of the Apocalypse

After a request has been made and processed, you will have 3 Hash objects ready for use:

• cookies - Any cookies that are set
• flash - Any objects living in the flash
• session - Any object living in session variables

As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name. For example:

flash["gordon"] # or flash[:gordon]session["shmession"] # or session[:shmession]cookies["are_good_for_u"] # or cookies[:are_good_for_u]

8.5 Instance Variables Available

After a request is made, you also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:

• @controller - The controller processing the request
• @request - The request object
• @response - The response object

class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "should get index" do get articles_url assert_equal "index", @controller.action_name assert_equal "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", @request.media_type assert_match "Articles", @response.body endend

8.6 Setting Headers and CGI Variables

HTTP headersandCGI variablescan be passed as headers:

# setting an HTTP Headerget articles_url, headers: { "Content-Type": "text/plain" } # simulate the request with custom header# setting a CGI variableget articles_url, headers: { "HTTP_REFERER": "http://example.com/home" } # simulate the request with custom env variable

8.7 Testing flash Notices

If you remember from earlier, one of the Three Hashes of the Apocalypse was flash.

We want to add a flash message to our blog application whenever someonesuccessfully creates a new Article.

Let's start by adding this assertion to our test_should_create_article test:

test "should create article" do assert_difference("Article.count") do post articles_url, params: { article: { title: "Some title" } } end assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last) assert_equal "Article was successfully created.", flash[:notice]end

If we run our test now, we should see a failure:

$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb -n test_should_create_articleRun options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266# Running:FFinished in 0.114870s, 8.7055 runs/s, 34.8220 assertions/s. 1) Failure:ArticlesControllerTest#test_should_create_article [/test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb:16]:--- expected+++ actual@@ -1 +1 @@-"Article was successfully created."+nil1 runs, 4 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Let's implement the flash message now in our controller. Our :create action should now look like this:

def create @article = Article.new(article_params) if @article.save flash[:notice] = "Article was successfully created." redirect_to @article else render "new" endend

Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass:

$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb -n test_should_create_articleRun options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981# Running:.Finished in 0.081972s, 12.1993 runs/s, 48.7972 assertions/s.1 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

8.8 Putting It Together

At this point our Articles controller tests the :index as well as :new and :create actions. What about dealing with existing data?

Let's write a test for the :show action:

test "should show article" do article = articles(:one) get article_url(article) assert_response :successend

Remember from our discussion earlier on fixtures, the articles() method will give us access to our Articles fixtures.

How about deleting an existing Article?

test "should destroy article" do article = articles(:one) assert_difference("Article.count", -1) do delete article_url(article) end assert_redirected_to articles_pathend

We can also add a test for updating an existing Article.

test "should update article" do article = articles(:one) patch article_url(article), params: { article: { title: "updated" } } assert_redirected_to article_path(article) # Reload association to fetch updated data and assert that title is updated. article.reload assert_equal "updated", article.titleend

Notice we're starting to see some duplication in these three tests, they both access the same Article fixture data. We can D.R.Y. this up by using the setup and teardown methods provided by ActiveSupport::Callbacks.

Our test should now look something as what follows. Disregard the other tests for now, we're leaving them out for brevity.

require "test_helper"class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest # called before every single test setup do @article = articles(:one) end # called after every single test teardown do # when controller is using cache it may be a good idea to reset it afterwards Rails.cache.clear end test "should show article" do # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup get article_url(@article) assert_response :success end test "should destroy article" do assert_difference("Article.count", -1) do delete article_url(@article) end assert_redirected_to articles_path end test "should update article" do patch article_url(@article), params: { article: { title: "updated" } } assert_redirected_to article_path(@article) # Reload association to fetch updated data and assert that title is updated. @article.reload assert_equal "updated", @article.title endend

Similar to other callbacks in Rails, the setup and teardown methods can also be used by passing a block, lambda, or method name as a symbol to call.

8.9 Test Helpers

To avoid code duplication, you can add your own test helpers.Sign in helper can be a good example:

# test/test_helper.rbmodule SignInHelper def sign_in_as(user) post sign_in_url(email: user.email, password: user.password) endendclass ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest include SignInHelperend

require "test_helper"class ProfileControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "should show profile" do # helper is now reusable from any controller test case sign_in_as users(:david) get profile_url assert_response :success endend

8.9.1 Using Separate Files

If you find your helpers are cluttering test_helper.rb, you can extract them into separate files.One good place to store them is test/lib or test/test_helpers.

# test/test_helpers/multiple_assertions.rbmodule MultipleAssertions def assert_multiple_of_forty_two(number) assert (number % 42 == 0), "expected #{number} to be a multiple of 42" endend

These helpers can then be explicitly required as needed and included as needed

require "test_helper"require "test_helpers/multiple_assertions"class NumberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase include MultipleAssertions test "420 is a multiple of forty two" do assert_multiple_of_forty_two 420 endend

or they can continue to be included directly into the relevant parent classes

# test/test_helper.rbrequire "test_helpers/sign_in_helper"class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest include SignInHelperend

8.9.2 Eagerly Requiring Helpers

You may find it convenient to eagerly require helpers in test_helper.rb so your test files have implicit access to them. This can be accomplished using globbing, as follows

# test/test_helper.rbDir[Rails.root.join("test", "test_helpers", "**", "*.rb")].each { |file| require file }

This has the downside of increasing the boot-up time, as opposed to manually requiring only the necessary files in your individual tests.

9 Testing Routes

Like everything else in your Rails application, you can test your routes. Route tests reside in test/controllers/ or are part of controller tests.

If your application has complex routes, Rails provides a number of useful helpers to test them.

For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions.

10 Testing Views

Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. Like route tests, view tests reside in test/controllers/ or are part of controller tests. The assert_select method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax.

There are two forms of assert_select:

assert_select(selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.

assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the element (instance of Nokogiri::XML::Node or Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet) and its descendants.

For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:

assert_select "title", "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"

You can also use nested assert_select blocks for deeper investigation.

In the following example, the inner assert_select for li.menu_item runswithin the collection of elements selected by the outer block:

assert_select "ul.navigation" do assert_select "li.menu_item"end

A collection of selected elements may be iterated through so that assert_select may be called separately for each element.

For example if the response contains two ordered lists, each with four nested list elements then the following tests will both pass.

assert_select "ol" do |elements| elements.each do |element| assert_select element, "li", 4 endendassert_select "ol" do assert_select "li", 8end

This assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its documentation.

10.1 Additional View-Based Assertions

There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:

Here's an example of using assert_select_email:

assert_select_email do assert_select "small", "Please click the 'Unsubscribe' link if you want to opt-out."end

11 Testing View Partials

Partial templates - usually called "partials" - are another device for breaking the rendering process into more manageable chunks. With partials, you can extract pieces of code from your templates to separate files and reuse them throughout your templates.

View tests provide an opportunity to test that partials render content the way you expect. View partial tests reside in test/views/ and inherit from ActionView::TestCase.

To render a partial, call render like you would in a template. The content isavailable through the test-local #rendered method:

class ArticlePartialTest < ActionView::TestCase test "renders a link to itself" do article = Article.create! title: "Hello, world" render "articles/article", article: article assert_includes rendered, article.title endend

Tests that inherit from ActionView::TestCase also have access to assert_select and the other additional view-based assertions provided by rails-dom-testing:

test "renders a link to itself" do article = Article.create! title: "Hello, world" render "articles/article", article: article assert_select "a[href=?]", article_url(article), text: article.titleend

In order to integrate with rails-dom-testing, tests that inherit fromActionView::TestCase declare a document_root_element method that returns therendered content as an instance of aNokogiri::XML::Node:

test "renders a link to itself" do article = Article.create! title: "Hello, world" render "articles/article", article: article anchor = document_root_element.at("a") assert_equal article.name, anchor.text assert_equal article_url(article), anchor["href"]end

If your application uses Ruby >= 3.0 or higher, depends on Nokogiri >= 1.14.0 orhigher, and depends on Minitest >= >5.18.0,document_root_element supports Ruby's Pattern Matching:

test "renders a link to itself" do article = Article.create! title: "Hello, world" render "articles/article", article: article anchor = document_root_element.at("a") url = article_url(article) assert_pattern do anchor => { content: "Hello, world", attributes: [{ name: "href", value: url }] } endend

If you'd like to access the same Capybara-powered Assertionsthat your Functional and System Testing testsutilize, you can define a base class that inherits from ActionView::TestCaseand transforms the document_root_element into a page method:

# test/view_partial_test_case.rbrequire "test_helper"require "capybara/minitest"class ViewPartialTestCase < ActionView::TestCase include Capybara::Minitest::Assertions def page Capybara.string(rendered) endend# test/views/article_partial_test.rbrequire "view_partial_test_case"class ArticlePartialTest < ViewPartialTestCase test "renders a link to itself" do article = Article.create! title: "Hello, world" render "articles/article", article: article assert_link article.title, href: article_url(article) endend

Starting in Action View version 7.1, the #rendered helper method returns anobject capable of parsing the view partial's rendered content.

To transform the String content returned by the #rendered method into anobject, define a parser by calling .register_parser. Calling.register_parser :rss defines a #rendered.rss helper method. For example,to parse rendered RSS content into an object with #rendered.rss, registera call to RSS::Parser.parse:

register_parser :rss, -> rendered { RSS::Parser.parse(rendered) }test "renders RSS" do article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world") render formats: :rss, partial: article assert_equal "Hello, world", rendered.rss.items.last.titleend

By default, ActionView::TestCase defines a parser for:

• :html - returns an instance of Nokogiri::XML::Node
• :json - returns an instance of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess

test "renders HTML" do article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world") render partial: "articles/article", locals: { article: article } assert_pattern { rendered.html.at("main h1") => { content: "Hello, world" } }endtest "renders JSON" do article = Article.create!(title: "Hello, world") render formats: :json, partial: "articles/article", locals: { article: article } assert_pattern { rendered.json => { title: "Hello, world" } }end

12 Testing Helpers

A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which areavailable in your views.

In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of thehelper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers arelocated under the test/helpers directory.

Given we have the following helper:

module UsersHelper def link_to_user(user) link_to "#{user.first_name} #{user.last_name}", user endend

We can test the output of this method like this:

class UsersHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase test "should return the user's full name" do user = users(:david) assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/user/#{user.id}">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>}, link_to_user(user) endend

Moreover, since the test class extends from ActionView::TestCase, you haveaccess to Rails' helper methods such as link_to or pluralize.

13 Testing Your Mailers

Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.

13.1 Keeping the Postman in Check

Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that they are working as expected.

The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:

• emails are being processed (created and sent)
• the email content is correct (subject, sender, body, etc)
• the right emails are being sent at the right times

13.1.1 From All Sides

There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture). In the functional tests you don't so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.

13.2 Unit Testing

In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.

13.2.1 Revenge of the Fixtures

For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output should look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within test/fixtures directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named UserMailer, the fixtures should reside in test/fixtures/user_mailer directory.

If you generated your mailer, the generator does not create stub fixtures for the mailers actions. You'll have to create those files yourself as described above.

13.2.2 The Basic Test Case

Here's a unit test to test a mailer named UserMailer whose action invite is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an invite action.

require "test_helper"class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Create the email and store it for further assertions email = UserMailer.create_invite("me@example.com", "friend@example.com", Time.now) # Send the email, then test that it got queued assert_emails 1 do email.deliver_now end # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to assert_equal ["me@example.com"], email.from assert_equal ["friend@example.com"], email.to assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", email.subject assert_equal read_fixture("invite").join, email.body.to_s endend

In the test we create the email and store the returned object in the email variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we expect. The helper read_fixture is used to read in the content from this file.

email.body.to_s is present when there's only one (HTML or text) part present. If the mailer provides both, you can test your fixture against specific parts with email.text_part.body.to_s or email.html_part.body.to_s.

Here's the content of the invite fixture:

Hi friend@example.com,You have been invited.Cheers!

This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your mailers. The line ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test in config/environments/test.rb sets the delivery method to test mode so that email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while testing) but instead it will be appended to an array (ActionMailer::Base.deliveries).

The ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array is only reset automatically in ActionMailer::TestCase and ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest tests. If you want to have a clean slate outside these test cases, you can reset it manually with: ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear

13.2.3 Testing Enqueued Emails

You can use the assert_enqueued_email_with assertion to confirm that the email has been enqueued with all of the expected mailer method arguments and/or parameterized mailer parameters. This allows you to match any email that have been enqueued with the deliver_later method.

As with the basic test case, we create the email and store the returned object in the email variable. The following examples include variations of passing arguments and/or parameters.

This example will assert that the email has been enqueued with the correct arguments:

require "test_helper"class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Create the email and store it for further assertions email = UserMailer.create_invite("me@example.com", "friend@example.com") # Test that the email got enqueued with the correct arguments assert_enqueued_email_with UserMailer, :create_invite, args: ["me@example.com", "friend@example.com"] do email.deliver_later end endend

This example will assert that a mailer has been enqueued with the correct mailer method named arguments by passing a hash of the arguments as args:

require "test_helper"class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Create the email and store it for further assertions email = UserMailer.create_invite(from: "me@example.com", to: "friend@example.com") # Test that the email got enqueued with the correct named arguments assert_enqueued_email_with UserMailer, :create_invite, args: [{ from: "me@example.com", to: "friend@example.com" }] do email.deliver_later end endend

This example will assert that a parameterized mailer has been enqueued with the correct parameters and arguments. The mailer parameters are passed as params and the mailer method arguments as args:

require "test_helper"class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Create the email and store it for further assertions email = UserMailer.with(all: "good").create_invite("me@example.com", "friend@example.com") # Test that the email got enqueued with the correct mailer parameters and arguments assert_enqueued_email_with UserMailer, :create_invite, params: { all: "good" }, args: ["me@example.com", "friend@example.com"] do email.deliver_later end endend

This example shows an alternative way to test that a parameterized mailer has been enqueued with the correct parameters:

require "test_helper"class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Create the email and store it for further assertions email = UserMailer.with(to: "friend@example.com").create_invite # Test that the email got enqueued with the correct mailer parameters assert_enqueued_email_with UserMailer.with(to: "friend@example.com"), :create_invite do email.deliver_later end endend

13.3 Functional and System Testing

Unit testing allows us to test the attributes of the email while functional and system testing allows us to test whether user interactions appropriately trigger the email to be delivered. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:

# Integration Testrequire "test_helper"class UsersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "invite friend" do # Asserts the difference in the ActionMailer::Base.deliveries assert_emails 1 do post invite_friend_url, params: { email: "friend@example.com" } end endend

# System Testrequire "test_helper"class UsersTest < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome test "inviting a friend" do visit invite_users_url fill_in "Email", with: "friend@example.com" assert_emails 1 do click_on "Invite" end endend

The assert_emails method is not tied to a particular deliver method and will work with emails delivered with either the deliver_now or deliver_later method. If we explicitly want to assert that the email has been enqueued we can use the assert_enqueued_email_with (examples above) or assert_enqueued_emails methods. More information can be found in the documentation here.

14 Testing Jobs

Jobs can be tested in isolation (focusing on the job's behavior) and in context(focusing on the calling code's behavior).

14.1 Testing Jobs in Isolation

When you generate a job, an associated test file will also be generated in thetest/jobs directory.

Here is an example test for a billing job:

require "test_helper"class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase test "account is charged" do perform_enqueued_jobs do BillingJob.perform_later(account, product) end assert account.reload.charged_for?(product) endend

The default queue adapter for tests will not perform jobs untilperform_enqueued_jobs is called. Additionally, it will clear all jobsbefore each test is run so that tests do not interfere with each other.

The test uses perform_enqueued_jobs and perform_later instead ofperform_now so that if retries are configured, retry failures are caughtby the test instead of being re-enqueued and ignored.

14.2 Testing Jobs in Context

It's good practice to test that jobs are correctly enqueued, for example, by acontroller action. The ActiveJob::TestHelper module provides severalmethods that can help with this, such as assert_enqueued_with.

Here is an example that tests an account model method:

require "test_helper"class AccountTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase include ActiveJob::TestHelper test "#charge_for enqueues billing job" do assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do account.charge_for(product) end assert_not account.reload.charged_for?(product) perform_enqueued_jobs assert account.reload.charged_for?(product) endend

14.3 Testing that Exceptions are Raised

Testing that your job raises an exception in certain cases can be tricky, especially when you have retries configured. The perform_enqueued_jobs helper fails any test where a job raises an exception, so to have the test succeed when the exception is raised you have to call the job's perform method directly.

require "test_helper"class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase test "does not charge accounts with insufficient funds" do assert_raises(InsufficientFundsError) do BillingJob.new(empty_account, product).perform end refute account.reload.charged_for?(product) endend

This method is not recommended in general, as it circumvents some parts of the framework, such as argument serialization.

15 Testing Action Cable

Since Action Cable is used at different levels inside your application,you'll need to test both the channels, connection classes themselves, and that otherentities broadcast correct messages.

15.1 Connection Test Case

By default, when you generate a new Rails application with Action Cable, a test for the base connection class (ApplicationCable::Connection) is generated as well under test/channels/application_cable directory.

Connection tests aim to check whether a connection's identifiers get assigned properlyor that any improper connection requests are rejected. Here is an example:

class ApplicationCable::ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase test "connects with params" do # Simulate a connection opening by calling the `connect` method connect params: { user_id: 42 } # You can access the Connection object via `connection` in tests assert_equal connection.user_id, "42" end test "rejects connection without params" do # Use `assert_reject_connection` matcher to verify that # connection is rejected assert_reject_connection { connect } endend

You can also specify request cookies the same way you do in integration tests:

test "connects with cookies" do cookies.signed[:user_id] = "42" connect assert_equal connection.user_id, "42"end

See the API documentation for ActionCable::Connection::TestCase for more information.

15.2 Channel Test Case

By default, when you generate a channel, an associated test will be generated as wellunder the test/channels directory. Here's an example test with a chat channel:

require "test_helper"class ChatChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase test "subscribes and stream for room" do # Simulate a subscription creation by calling `subscribe` subscribe room: "15" # You can access the Channel object via `subscription` in tests assert subscription.confirmed? assert_has_stream "chat_15" endend

This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the channel subscribes the connection to a particular stream.

You can also specify the underlying connection identifiers. Here's an example test with a web notifications channel:

require "test_helper"class WebNotificationsChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase test "subscribes and stream for user" do stub_connection current_user: users(:john) subscribe assert_has_stream_for users(:john) endend

See the API documentation for ActionCable::Channel::TestCase for more information.

15.3 Custom Assertions And Testing Broadcasts Inside Other Components

Action Cable ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for ActionCable::TestHelper.

It's a good practice to ensure that the correct message has been broadcasted inside other components (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely wherethe custom assertions provided by Action Cable are pretty useful. For instance,within a model:

require "test_helper"class ProductTest < ActionCable::TestCase test "broadcast status after charge" do assert_broadcast_on("products:#{product.id}", type: "charged") do product.charge(account) end endend

If you want to test the broadcasting made with Channel.broadcast_to, you should useChannel.broadcasting_for to generate an underlying stream name:

# app/jobs/chat_relay_job.rbclass ChatRelayJob < ApplicationJob def perform(room, message) ChatChannel.broadcast_to room, text: message endend

# test/jobs/chat_relay_job_test.rbrequire "test_helper"class ChatRelayJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase include ActionCable::TestHelper test "broadcast message to room" do room = rooms(:all) assert_broadcast_on(ChatChannel.broadcasting_for(room), text: "Hi!") do ChatRelayJob.perform_now(room, "Hi!") end endend

16 Testing Eager Loading

Normally, applications do not eager load in the development or test environments to speed things up. But they do in the production environment.

If some file in the project cannot be loaded for whatever reason, you better detect it before deploying to production, right?

16.1 Continuous Integration

If your project has CI in place, eager loading in CI is an easy way to ensure the application eager loads.

CIs typically set some environment variable to indicate the test suite is running there. For example, it could be CI:

# config/environments/test.rbconfig.eager_load = ENV["CI"].present?

Starting with Rails 7, newly generated applications are configured that way by default.

16.2 Bare Test Suites

If your project does not have continuous integration, you can still eager load in the test suite by calling Rails.application.eager_load!:

16.2.1 Minitest

require "test_helper"class ZeitwerkComplianceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase test "eager loads all files without errors" do assert_nothing_raised { Rails.application.eager_load! } endend

16.2.2 RSpec

require "rails_helper"RSpec.describe "Zeitwerk compliance" do it "eager loads all files without errors" do expect { Rails.application.eager_load! }.not_to raise_error endend

17 Additional Testing Resources

17.1 Testing Time-Dependent Code

Rails provides built-in helper methods that enable you to assert that your time-sensitive code works as expected.

The following example uses the travel_to helper:

# Given a user is eligible for gifting a month after they register.user = User.create(name: "Gaurish", activation_date: Date.new(2004, 10, 24))assert_not user.applicable_for_gifting?travel_to Date.new(2004, 11, 24) do # Inside the `travel_to` block `Date.current` is stubbed assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date assert user.applicable_for_gifting?end# The change was visible only inside the `travel_to` block.assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date

Please see ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers API reference for more information about the available time helpers.

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